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To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of visual training interventions on improving simple and choice reaction time (RT) in athletic populations.

Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, the authors reviewed 18 studies (N = 627 athletes) published between 2010 and 2024. Interventions included stroboscopic training (N = 7), light board training (N = 6), visual occlusion drills (N = 3), and 3D-MOT/NeuroTracker programs (N = 2). Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias tool

Seventeen of the 18 studies reported statistically significant improvements in reaction time, with gains ranging from 5% to 27%. Choice reaction time showed more consistent improvements than simple RT, suggesting perceptual-cognitive contributions to training effects. Stroboscopic and perceptual-cognitive interventions, including 3D-MOT/NeuroTracker, demonstrated some of the larger reported gains. However, heterogeneity in protocols, limited long-term follow-up, and few ecologically valid transfer measures were noted as key methodological limitations

To assess the usefulness of NeuroTracker (3D-MOT) as a cognitive enhancement tool to overcome the common challenges associated with cognitive training products.

The author conducted a comprehensive review of current literature for cognitive enhancement tools, as well as the specific literature on NeuroTracker to probe its strengths and weaknesses as a research tool. Evidence was also examined for the cognitive domains that NeuroTracker addresses.

NeuroTracker was found to have broad scientific relevant for improving a number of cognitive domains, including information processing, attention, working memory, inhibition, and executive functions. Far transfer effects were found in the following human performance domains: visual information processing in healthy adults, biological motion processing in healthy aging subjects, on-field performance in soccer players, and in attention for populations with neurodevelopmental deficits. The author concluded, that while promising peer-reviewed research exists, more investigations are needed to robustly establish the beneficial effects of this method in the context of cognitive enhancement.

To critically review emerging digital sports vision training (SVT) technologies, classify them into coherent categories, and evaluate the strength of empirical evidence supporting performance enhancement claims.

The review proposes a structured taxonomy dividing digital sports vision training into component skill training (e.g., perceptual–cognitive and sensorimotor tools) and naturalistic simulation-based approaches (e.g., stroboscopic and VR training), assessing evidence for each.

Perceptual–cognitive systems such as 3D-MOT demonstrate reliable sensitivity to athletic expertise and show emerging, though still developing, evidence for transfer to sport-specific performance metrics.

Intermittent visual occlusion training enhances motion sensitivity, anticipation, and visuomotor control under constrained conditions, with preliminary but variable evidence of sport performance benefits.

Eye-tracking research shows that training longer task-relevant fixations (Quiet Eye) can measurably improve accuracy and consistency in precision sports tasks.

Virtual reality platforms offer immersive, scenario-based training opportunities, but empirical validation of sustained real-world transfer remains limited relative to their growing adoption.

To assess if the mechanism of perceptual-cognitive training can transfer to spatial and semantic abilities in students.

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60 male lower secondary school students were randomly assigned a NeuroTracker training group (21 sessions over 7 days) or a passive control group (no training). Pre- and post-training assessment were carried out with the Test of Spatial Ability and the Test Of Semantic Skills–Intermediate.

The control group showed negligible change between pre and post tests, whereas the NeuroTracker group showed significant transfer with around a 50% gain in spatial ability and a 55% gain in semantic skills. The researchers concluded that a NeuroTracker intervention can increase cognitive abilities in secondary school students.

To enhance the visual perception ability of motorcycle taxi riders by using a NeuroTracker training intervention.

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60 motorcycle taxi riders were volunteers and recruited from Chonburi, Thailand, and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group completed 30-minutes of NeuroTracker training sessions for twice a week over five weeks in total. Pre-post assessments of the Development Test of Visual Perception – Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A) were completed by both groups.

Results revealed that the experimental group had a significantly higher visual perception ability score after training. In addition, the average DTVP-A score in the experimental group increased to significantly higher than that of the control group. The study findings suggest NeuroTracker training can improve the visual perception ability of motorcycle taxi riders.

To investigate the influence of dietary intake and sleep of esports athletes on cognitive performance and learning capacities measured by NeuroTracker.

119 esports athletes completed a rigorous battery of assessments over an 8-10 day period. This included a comprehensive range of 8 self-assessment surveys, a record of diet, fluid intake and urine color, continuous biometric monitoring of heartrate and sleep quality, and 20 sessions of NeuroTracker distributed over the period.

Average sleep quality was found to be in the range of moderate to severe sleep disturbance and most participants did not meet USDA guidelines for numerous key nutrients, as well as exceeding recommendations for cholesterol, sodium, and saturated fat. NeuroTracker baselines improved on average by around 50% by the end of the 20 sessions (similar to elite athletes). Higher NeuroTracker performance was strongly correlated with better sleep and dietary habits, and specifically, consuming the recommended intake of protein was closely tied to increased learning rates.

To investigate the ‘selfish brain hypothesis’, which suggests the brain prioritizes its own glucose needs over those of the peripheral organs such as skeletal muscle, using individual and dual-task assessments with NeuroTracker and exercise on a cycle ergometer.

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32 participants were randomly assigned to a no priority, cognitive priority (focus on NeuroTracker task), or physical priority (focus on physical task) group. NeuroTracker and a cycle ergometer were used to measure cognition and physical performance, respectively. Participants completed 5 assessments: 2 cognitive, 1 predicted VO2 max, and 1 dual task. During the dual task participants completed 3 NeuroTracker sessions, while cycling on a cycle ergometer. The cycle ergometer was modified to remove demands on balance, isolating aerobic demands.

Results revealed that the physical priority group had significantly higher cycle ergometer performance compared to the cognitive priority group. However, overall physical performance remained relatively stable throughout the physical and dual task assessments. All groups experienced improvements in their visual tracking speed scores as they progressed through the study. No evidence was found to support the selfish brain hypothesis during dual task performance, in contrast results may indicate an arousal effect from physical exercise, heightening NeuroTracker performance compared to single task performance.

To synthesize current evidence on the multi-object tracking (MOT) paradigm as both an assessment tool and a cognitive training intervention, with a focus on transfer effects and underlying perceptual-cognitive mechanisms.

The authors reviewed experimental and applied studies using MOT and 3D-MOT (including NeuroTracker) paradigms across cognitive science, sports, aging, and clinical research contexts. The review evaluated task parameters, cognitive mechanisms engaged, and evidence for near and far transfer outcomes following MOT training.

The review found consistent evidence supporting near-transfer effects of MOT training on attentional processes, processing speed, and visuospatial tracking. Evidence for far transfer to broader executive functions, sport performance, and real-world tasks was more variable and dependent on study design and contextual factors. The authors conclude that while MOT paradigms reliably engage core perceptual-cognitive systems, further research is needed to clarify mechanisms and optimize transfer to applied domains.

To analyze the effectiveness of NeuroTracker training to improve sports vision and cognitive performance using a progressive single and dual-task training protocol.

37 elite water polo (13), taekwondo (12) and tennis elite athletes (12) completed 26 NeuroTracker sessions progressing from single-task training to progressively complex dual-task training. Pre and post training all athletes underwent a comprehensive battery of optometric vision assessments. Throughout the training program both athletes and their coaches completed frequent visual-analogue questionnaire assessments to assess changes in concentration, perception speed and peripheral vision performance.

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Overall NeuroTracker learning rates were high. Although scores initially dropped on progressing to more complex dual-task motor-skills, performance recovered quickly to the level expected with single-task performance. This that dual-task training methods with NeuroTracker can efficiently consolidate new skills into using a progressive overload methodology. Post-training assessments revealed a statistically significant gains in most visual abilities, including static visual acuity, stereopsis, spatial contrast sensitivity, saccadic ocular movements, and visual selective attention. Transfer to related sports performance abilities was seen with both coach and athlete questionnaire assessments, with consistently significant improvements throughout the program. Although the athletes tended to rate their performance higher than coaches, their improvement ratings were close to identical.